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REVIEW

Time in mind: a multidisciplinary review on temporal perception, cognition, and memory

Jeffery R. L. PendletonNicola S. Clayton

Journal: Frontiers in Cognition

DOI: 10.3389/fcogn.2026.1688754

Published: 21 Jan 2026

Time in mind: a multidisciplinary review on temporal perception, cognition, and memory

Introduction

Time perception is fundamental to cognition, yet remains poorly understood. This review integrates findings from psychology, neuroscience, philosophy, and evolutionary biology.

2 Neurobiology of Time Perception

Multiple neural systems contribute to temporal perception, including the cerebellum, striatum, and prefrontal cortex. Recent neuroimaging studies have identified specific brain regions involved in different timescales of perception.

3 Temporal Cognition and Memory

Memory plays a crucial role in temporal estimation. The relationship between working memory and time perception is explored in detail.

4 Evolutionary Perspectives

Temporal perception abilities vary across species and are shaped by ecological niche and behavioral requirements.

5 Conclusions and Future Directions

Future research should integrate findings across disciplines to develop comprehensive models of temporal perception and cognition.

Citation:

Jeffery R. L. Pendleton, Nicola S. Clayton (2026) Time in mind: a multidisciplinary review on temporal perception, cognition, and memory. Frontiers in Cognition. 10.3389/fcogn.2026.1688754

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Table of contents

IntroductionNeurobiology of Time PerceptionTemporal Cognition and MemoryEvolutionary PerspectivesConclusions
Author contributionsAcknowledgementsConflict of interestReferences

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